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Droppers
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A dropper of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
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Germinated seeds that attach to the parent plant of mangroves (e.g. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) after germination.
- This kind of viviparous reproduction allows rapid growth and establishment of mangrove seedlings once they come into contact with the substratum.
- It increases the survival rate of the mangroves in the unstable substratum and the intertidal environment.
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Prop roots of Kandelia obovata
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Prop roots
- Branched supporting roots that arise from the lower trunk of some mangrove species (e.g. Kandelia obovata).
- Provide additional stability to the trees in the soft unstable substratum by broadening the tree base.
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Pneumatophores of Avicennia marina
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Pneumatophores
- Erect aerial roots arising from cable roots to facilitate gaseous exchange of the roots of some mangrove species (e.g. Avicennia marina) under water-logged soil condition
- Contain aerenchyma tissue to allow rapid gaseous transportation.
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"Knee" of roots of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
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"Knees" of roots
- The roots of some mangrove species (e.g. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Kandelia obovata) form into "knees" that project above the mud surface to facilitate gaseous exchange.
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Salt glands of Aegiceras corniculatum
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Salt glands
- Present in the leaves of some mangrove species (e.g. Aegiceras corniculatum).
- Used to concentrate and actively excrete the absorbed salts so as to regulate the salt concentration inside the mangroves.
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